Grades are now in CUNYFirst

Though they might not show up until Monday for you.

If you got an F, don't fret! This is readily resolvable. It means that I am missing a test for you, for whatever cause, and did not want to give you a low grade without getting your attention. Otherwise, you might have gotten a B and not thought to ask me about it, when you should have gotten an A+, for example. Please contact me ASAP -- I'll try contacting you as well -- and we can resolve this quickly.

The following students should contact me

It is possible a text got misplaced by a lab instructor, or some associated problem, such that you deserve a higher grade:

N. Misra
J. Fernandez
M. Rivera

More to come, possibly.

Answers to the quizzes

1) c
2) control unit
3) b
4) 1024
5) a

---

1) a
2) RAM
3) d
4) nothing. it is a fossilized marine animal.
5) b

-----


1) b
2) b
3) 1023
4) graphical user interface
5) a
6) d

_____________

1) a
2) a
3) 210, or (n + 1) * (n/2) with n =20
4) a code of storing characters
5) c
6) a

------

1) b
2) a
3) 51 * 25
4) 16
5) c
6) b

----


1) you can seek for multiple values in cells
2) b
3) stealing bandwidth by referencing an image located on someone else's website
4) a
5) lets you see what cells this current cell relies on
6) chase-banking.com

----

New:
1) b
2) b
3) 3rd party cookies can be used to track your behavior and history on the web
4) d
5) c
6) d
7) b
8) a value in one table, corresponds to primary key of other table
9) c

list of homeworks

Homeworks:
HW: make a macro, any macro
HW: make a UDF, any UDF

defined here:
http://qccs12.blogspot.com/2011/04/ipmt-ppmt-find-out-is-lab-instructor.html

HW:
lecture book, review questions at end of ch 1
lecture book, exercises in ch 2
lecture book, review questions at end of ch 3

HW:
1) Convert these numbers to binary:
7
14
103

2) Convert these binary numbers to decimal:
11001
110
11
1101

3) Convert those numbers in part 2 to octal.
4) Convert those numbers in part 2 to hexadecimal.

Previous Quiz Questions

1) Convert this binary number to decimal:

10101

a) 19

b) 20

c) 21

d) 22

2) The CPU contains the ALU and the ________

3) Which of the following is an example of long-term memory?

a) CPU registers

b) CD-ROM

c) CD-RAM

d) RAM

4) One kilobyte = how many bytes?

5) Which will be faster, a compiled language or an interpreted language?

a) compiled

b) interpreted

c) same speed

d) neither, because there is no such thing

---------------

1) Convert this decimal number to binary:

25

a) 11001

b) 10001

c) 11011

d) 11000

2) The fetch-execute cycle fetches instructions from ________

3) Which of the following is an example of volatile memory?

a) hard disk drive

b) CD-ROM

c) CD-RAM

d) RAM

4) One trilobite = how many bytes?

5) C++ is an example of a

a) low-level language

b) high-level language

c) interpreted language

d) none of the above

---------------

1) The collection of HTML documents, linked together, across many countries is best called:

a) the Internet

b) the World Wide Web

c) the Intertubes

d) CSS

2) The HTML document you view on your web browser usually initially comes from

a) a web client

b) a web server

c) an http

d) Microsoft Word

3) Using the party trick I discussed in class, using your ten fingers, you could count up to:

______________

4) A GUI is _____________________________

5) A 256 color bitmap can store a pixel in how many bytes?

a) 1

b) 2

c) 3

b) 4

6) If I tried to solve the traveling salesman problem for 100 cities, using the algorithm I described, 

and started it now, it would finish:

a) in one minute

b) in one hour

c) in one day

d) in more than a trillion years

--------------------

1) If I used my algorithm for traveling salesman for five cities, my program

would finish executing in:

a) less than an hour

b) a day

c) a year

d) more than a trillion years

2) A web page will typically be in the following format:

a) HTML

b) HTTP

c) FTP

d) DOC

3) The sum of the numbers 1 through 20 is:

______________

4) ASCII is:

5) Which is likely the smallest of images?

a) a BMP bitmap

b) a JPEG image

c) an SVG vector graphics image

6) If a collection of numbers are sorted, then I can use binary search

a) true

b) false

-------------------------------

1) The Internet is a synonym for the World Wide Web:

a) true

b) false

2) A web page will typically be in the following format:

a) HTML

b) HTTP

c) FTP

d) DOC

3) The sum of the numbers 1 through 50 is:

______________

4) A hexadecimal digit is in base: ________________

5) A "true-color" bitmap can store a pixel in how many bytes?

a) 1

b) 2

c) 3

b) 4

6) Linear search through a collection is faster than binary search, on average:

a) true

b) false

---------------------------

1) Give one way in which Solver is better than Goal seek.

2) If I want to figure out how much to deposit now in order to

retire with a million bucks, I would use the _______ function.

a) FV

b) PV

c) PMT

d) RATE

3) What is hotlinking?

4) Which of the following is a relative reference?

a) A1

b) $A$1

c) $A1

d) R1C1

5) What does the trace precedents tool do?

6) In http://chase-banking.com/login

what is the domain?

----------------------------

New:

1) Which of the following is used for client-side scripting?

a) C++

b) JavaScript

c) Python

d) PHP

2) In CSS, the level which takes highest cascading precedence is:

a) internal

b) inline

c) external

d) web browser settings

3) Give one reason cookies are bad:

_______________________

4) In CSS, we can target:

a) a tag

b) a bunch of related items, by class

c) one individual item, by id

d) all of the above

5) Really, dates and times are stored in Excel and Access as:

a) text

b) dates

c) whole numbers and fractional numbers

d) none of the above

6) The following text will be matched by h??lo

a) hOOOLO

b) bkjlo

c) helo

d) hello

7) Descartes walked into a bar. When he turned down a drink:

a) he appeared

b) he disappeared

c) he reappeared

d) all of the above

8) A foreign key is: ______________________

9) A record is a collection of:

a) records

b) rows

c) fields

d) views

we did some simple PHP.
AJAX - asychronous JavaScript and XML

Web 2.0

ajax is really just the combination of JavaScript on the client side with e.g. PHP on the server side, communicating with each other asynchronously via XML

Open source software
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open-source_software

Linux -- a free, open source Operating System

OpenOffice - a free office clone
openoffice.org

talk next time briefly about google docs

lecture

<html>
<head>
<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css"

href="first.css" />
</head>

<body>
<p>This is all about my friends!</p>
<hr/>
<p>They are nice.</p>
</body>
</html>

for the web site, use an external style sheet on at least one web page.

client side scripting vs. server-side scripting


web server sends info to the web browser (which is the client)

Javascript -- carried out on the client's machine

javascript is event-driven.
as opposed to procedural-based programming.

Javascript can write cookies.

drawbacks of cookies.
stays only on that machine.

third-party cookies.
both site A and site B get their ads from site Z. site Z is the third party.

third-party cookies can be used to track users.

Amazon obviously does NOT use simple cookies to keep track of your order.

they use server-side scripting. examples of lanugages that support it: PHP, vbscript meaning ASP, ASPX.

often, hooked up to a database.

next up, AJAX.

index.html is a special name

http://eniac.cs.qc.edu/~svitak/index.html

every folder has two special subfolders
help you navigate

one is called .  (yourself)
the other is called .. (one level up)

the PATH is a list of folders to look in when trying to execute a program


<img src="./pictures/chicken-picture1.gif"
height="100" width="100"/>

http://www.w3schools.com/css/default.asp

we discussed CSS.
what does sytle mean?
what does cascading mean? how does it work.

The id Selector

proof:
0 = 1
0 + 1 = 1 + 1
1 = 2
clearly, the pope and i are two
therefore, the pope and i are one
therefore, i am the pope

we got to id and class selectors

<html>
<head>
<style type="text/css">
.argument
{
text-align:left;
color:green;
}
.summary
{
text-align:right;
color:red;
}
.center
{
text-align:center;
}
</style>
</head>

<body>
<h1 class="center">Center-aligned heading</h1>
<p class="center">Center-aligned paragraph.</p>
<p class="argument">
proof:</p>
<p class="argument">0 = 1</p>
<p class="argument">0 + 1 = 1 + 1
1 = 2
clearly, the pope and i are two
therefore, the pope and i are one
therefore, i am the pope</p>

<p class="summary">Proof by contradiction
</p>
</body>
</html>

dates / times are stored in Excel and Access as serial numbers.

date and time arithmetic

SELECT Book.Title, Book.PublDate, Book.Copyright, Author.LastName, Publisher.PubName, Date()-60 AS Expr1
FROM Publisher INNER JOIN (Author INNER JOIN Book ON Author.[AuthorID] = Book.[AuthorCode]) ON Publisher.[PUBID] = Book.[PubID]
WHERE Book.PublDate>Date()-60;

we want:
SELECT Book.Title, Book.PublDate, Book.Copyright, Author.LastName, Publisher.PubName, Date()-60 AS Expr1
FROM Publisher INNER JOIN (Author INNER JOIN Book ON Author.[AuthorID] = Book.[AuthorCode]) ON Publisher.[PUBID] = Book.[PubID]
WHERE (((Book.PublDate) Between Date()-60 And Date()));


SELECT Book.Title, Book.EDITION, Author.LastName, Publisher.PubName
FROM Publisher INNER JOIN (Author INNER JOIN Book ON Author.[AuthorID] = Book.[AuthorCode]) ON Publisher.[PUBID] = Book.[PubID]
WHERE (((Book.EDITION) Is Null));

more about wildcards
* match anything, including nothing
? match exactly one character

begins with G
G*
turned it into
Like "G*"

where the title contains Excel
*Excel*

relational databases

two problems with non-relational, non-normalized databases.

primary key: field that uniquely identifies a record

foreign key: points to the primary key of a different (thus foreign) table

SQL statement:

SELECT Customers.First, Customers.Last, ItemDescription From Customers, Orders

will give me the Cartesian product of the two tables

SELECT Customers.First, Customers.Last, ItemDescription From Customers, Orders
WHERE Customers.CusId = Orders.CusID

called an INNER JOIN ON Customers.CusId = Orders.CusID

Quiz material. From here:
http://qccs12.blogspot.com/2011/03/lecture_09.html
WEDNESDAY, MARCH 9, 2011

until here:
http://qccs12.blogspot.com/2011/03/more-financial-formulas-solver-2.html
WEDNESDAY, MARCH 30, 2011

intro to CSS

http://www.w3schools.com/css/default.asp

selectors and declarations

back to MS Access
field properties

to ask questions about the data, we use Queries

SQL - a standard query language you can use to talk to databases
http://www.w3schools.com/sql/default.asp

SELECT * FROM Customers
WHERE FirstName = "Peter"

query wizard:
what table?
what fields?
what shall we name this query?

then, we will need to fine-tune it in Design View.

SELECT Customers.Title, Customers.FirstName, Customers.LastName, Customers.PhoneNumber, Customers.FullAddress, Customers.SSN, Customers.CreditCardNumber, Customers.DOB
FROM Customers;

we added the where clause using the design view, in the Criteria row.

SELECT Customers.Title, Customers.FirstName, Customers.LastName, Customers.PhoneNumber, Customers.FullAddress, Customers.SSN, Customers.CreditCardNumber, Customers.DOB
FROM Customers
WHERE (((Customers.FirstName)="Peter"));

Access databases will typically have Tables, Queries, Forms, Reports

wildcards: * ?
* means match any number of characters, including zero character

j*sh

____________

josh
jish
joshua -- only this one won't match
jsh
jjsh
jaash

MSACCESS
first, create a database
don't need to save data
do need to save meta-data
no undo

Microsoft Access is a relational database

A database: data and ways of maintaining that data

Database: a collection of tables
Table: a collection of records
Record: a collection of fields
Field: one unit of data. e.g. the SSN field of a given record

Table design = meta-data of the table. the table structure

* when designing tables, find the smallest unit
* data type = the type of data. number, text, date, etc.
* MUCH better to store values that don't need constant updating. Date of birth instead of age
* calculate things rather than storing duplicate information wherever possible
. Quality Points and GPA but not Credits. save space, less likely to have inconsistent data.

possibility of duplicate records
999,999,999

http://www.snopes.com/business/taxes/woolworth.asp

primary key: unique identifier for a record

ipmt, ppmt

find out: is lab instructor doing pivottables?

how to extend Excel's function

Visual Basic for Applications: a programming language

record a macro.

when we make a macro, we cannot save the file as .xlsx
instead, it is a .xlsm

Sub is for subroutine
function calculates a value and sends it back

UDF = user defined function
HW: make a macro, any macro
HW: make a UDF, any UDF
for example:
Function WaxmanCoefficient(X, Y)
WaxmanCoefficient = (X + 2) ^ Y
End Function

prenhall.com/grauer

Making web pages
http://eniac.cs.qc.edu/~svitak/cs12/webpageassign.html

plus, there will be some more

CSS
cascading style sheets
http://www.w3schools.com/css/default.asp

took a lot of the formatting and the "deprecated" it
font tag: allows font color, typeface, etc.
css instead

more financial formulas

solver (2 examples)
1) take nominal rate (APR) and divide it by freq for year. (e.g., if compounds monthly, divide by 12). that is called the periodic effective rate.
2) calculate: (1 + PeriodicEffectiveRate)^NPER - 1. that is called the annual effective rate



quiz up to this point

next time:
back to invoice
pivottable and pivotchart

we got up to and including 15.

limitations of goal seek:
1) only fiddle with one cell
2) only "seek" for a specific value
3) cannot impose constraints

special tool, Goal Seek on steroids:
Solver

ch 8 if you have it, in the lab book for excel.
but i'll be going over it next time anyway.

Quiz 2

lecture

HW:
lecture book, exercise 2.9
start reading ch 3 in book.

index.html

how to copy local files to the remote machine, and vice versa

incorporating images in a web page
i used width and height attributes

i also "hotlinked"
that is not nice!
the web site might go down
they can take revenge by changing the image to something you don't want, embarrassing

how not to hotlink

equation for financial calculations
FV = PV * (1 + RATE) ^ NPER

we got up to and including example 9 in finance chapter

=3+A1
=SUM(), AVERAGE
quick intro to functions

WEB:
once you have successfully logged in
you need to create a folder called
public_html

then, you can create files inside that folder. i created hello.html


cs12.cs.qc.cuny.edu/~wajo6788/hello.html

note to self - it was called Invoice1.xlsx

Time value of money

money is worth more now than later

PV = present value
FV = future value

PV + PV * RATE
PV * ( 1 + RATE )

PV * ( 1 + RATE )
PV * ( 1 + RATE ) * ( 1+ RATE)
PV * ( 1 + RATE ) * ( 1+ RATE) *(1 + RATE)

FV = PV * (1 + RATE) ^ NPER




404 error
page does not exist

403 error
permissions not granted

absolute vs. relative refs

excel seems to be smart
it modifies rows as appropriate
so too, cols

we don't like "magic numbers"
we want to isolate assumptions

relative refs automatically adjust
absolute references stay in place

absolute refs: use $

A1 style - what we;ve seen so far
R1C1 style - row number, column number

[] in R1C1 style mean offsets

by default, when you NAME a cell, it names
it as an absolute reference

debugging tools
things go wrong

"bug"
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grace_Hopper
Grace Hopper
first computer bug

"evaluate formula" tool
"trace precedents" tool
"trace dependents" tool

way of figuring out what is going wrong

http://cs12.cs.qc.cuny.edu/~joshwaxman

your webpage will be:
http://cs12.cs.qc.cuny.edu/~wajo4672

host name: cs12.cs.qc.cuny.edu
username (all lower-case):
First 2 letters of last name followed by
First 2 letters of first name followed by
Last 4 digits of CUNYFirst ID#
password: 8 digits of CUNYFirst ID#

need a program to log on to this computer
WINSCP if you have a PC
Fugu if you have a Mac

If you Google Search
WinSCP download
winscp.net/eng/download.php

HW: Try to download and install WINSCP
try to login using your credentials

If you have a Mac, Fugu
http://cs12.cs.qc.cuny.edu/~xiuyi/fugu.html

HW: the next two exercises in ch 2 in lecture book about HTML
2.7-2.8

Really, all websites are numbers
IP addresses
DNS - domain name system
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domain_Name_System
a phone book for the internet

http://123.45.2.90/chase.com/thisisreal/gimmeyourfinancialinfo.htm

http://0xff.0xab.0xca.0xab/chase.com/login

http://chase.info/login
http://chase-banking.com/login

You could Google Chase

http://scamsite.ru/chase.com/login

domain starts at the :// and ends at the first slash
you can use this to detect many scams

domain, subdomain
domain is REALLY just the last 2 elements of what we've called the domain so far.
subdomain is before this.

eniac.cs.qc.cuny.edu/~svitak/cs12/

why is this important?
http://chase.com.scamsite.ru/login

Phishing email
besides the URLs, misspellings, will not know your name.

http://www.snopes.com/

Also, check out Amazon student

lecture

I haven't put up the assignments on Blackboard yet, so hold on to them.

For HW:
Ch 2 in lecture book, on HTML, exercises 2.4 to 2.6.


A list of hws so far:
1) binary conversions
2) lecture book, ch 1, review questions
3) lecture book, ch 2, exercises 2.1 to 2.3.
4) lecture book, ch 2, exercises 2.4 to 2.6.

http://www.w3schools.com/html/default.asp

early goal of HTML, they didn't stick to much: markup meaning, rather than formatting.

CSS - cascading style sheets





We finished "HTML Elements" on W3Schools

Excel
rows, col, cells
values
data types: number, text, logical, errors

formulas
always start =
operands can be values
operators such as +, -, /, *
order of operation
PEMDAS

Monday at 3:00 in adjunct room (A202?, right across from dept office)

lecture

algorithm - a recipe

search algorithms
Linear search vs. binary search
choose a good algorithm, because CPU speed can only go so far


Linear search - sequentially examine each element in collection, see if it is what you are looking for

int i = 0;
while(A[i] != 6)
{
i = i + 1;
}
if (A[i] == 6)
cout << "We found it at position " << i;
else
cout << "Sorry, we did not find it";

Analysis of Algorithms
Euler's rule
sum of:
1 + 2 + 3 ..... + n
(n+1) * (n/2) =
(n^2 + n) / 2
divide by n
about n
on the order of n
O(n)

What if the numbers are sorted?
we can use binary search.
is O(log n)
log base 2 of n

1 million elements in my collection
in linear search, about 1 million operations
in binary search, about 20 operations

Computers cannot do everything

http://www.claymath.org/millennium/

Traveling salesman problem
not solvable in amount of time we have
using algorithm i described


next quiz next wednesday

how to encode:
numbers
characters
now, pixels

picture element

2 color bitmap. L x W / 8
because only need 1 bit per pixel

16 colors
2^4 = 16
so we need four bits for each pixel
four bits = 1/2 byte
300 across x 200 down = 60,000 pixels
so, 30 bytes are necessary

256 colors.
2^8 = 256
so, need 1 byte per 1 pixel
60,000

24-bit bitmap = "True color" = 3 bytes per pixel
180,000
store RGB values
16,777,216 possible values

this was for .BMP files that you do this kind of mult to find the size

hexadecimal specification of color
#99 ff 00

RLE
run-length encoding
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Run-length_encoding

GIF uses LZW encoding, which is a different encoding scheme. specifics, you don't need to know

lossless compression - GIF
don't lose info

lossy compression - JPG
loses info every time you save

raster vs. vector graphics
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raster_graphics
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vector_graphics

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SVG

how to count in binary
finger party trick

add two binary numbers

not just how a number is encoded
some sense of how the CPU, that is ALU
handles addition (of binary numbers)

ASCII - american standard code for information interchange

http://www.asciitable.com/
internally, letters are stored as numbers
capital A is 65
lowecase A = 97
digit 0 is 48

regular ASCII goes from 0 to 127
2^7 possible values
can store it in 7 bits

extended ascii code
a Text file, if ASCII, usually is one byte per "letter"

File extensions
stuffbeforethedot.extension
used to be:
8chars.3le -- three letter extension

this is from the days of DOS (early DISK OPERATING SYSTEM)

.EXE is a three letter extension meaning executable

.XML

.HTM

.DOC
.XLS
.MDB
.PPT

backwards compatibility

cmd - command prompt
text-based interface to the Operating System
DOS
DOS prompt

Office 2007, longer file extensions
.DOCX
.XLSX
.ACCDB
.PPTX

Tools/Folder Options/View Tab
hide extensions for known file types

Windows uses GUI -- pronounced "gooey"
graphical user interface

Old way: to open a document: first open program. then, file/open and specify the file

New way: file associations. based on the extension part of the filename, Windows knows what program to open.

ASCII is not the only encoding. There is also Unicode.
since greater range, file size will be greater. if 4 bytes per letter, X 4 to get file size

lecture #6

The Internet vs. World Wide Web

Internet: a series of connected computers
World Wide Web: a series of connected web pages

other things besides WWW run on the Internet

you can network computers together
Local area networks
LANs

Internet vs. Intranet

ISP (internet service provider); Time warner; Verizon

World wide web: pages connect together using hyperlinks
hello.html
Hypertext markup language

WinSCP

you can use NOTEPAD to edit web pages
web browser: software that reads and interprets HTML

Hypertext markup language

www.w3schools.com
go to the HTML section
read until HTML elements

a computer that serves up web pages is called a "web server"
they serve those web pages to web clients. an internet browser.

computer cs12
http://cs12.cs.qc.cuny.edu/

protocol: an agreed upon way of communicating
http
hypertext transfer protocol
ftp
file transfer protocol
https
secure hypertext transfer protocol

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Http

http session
request

the anatomy of a URL
Uniform Resource Locator
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/URL

The syntax is
scheme://domain:port/path?query_string#fragment_id

file:///C:/josh/greetings.html

HW: review questions for lecture book chapter 1

IP address
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IP_address

mostly, you are not anonymous

Quiz 1

A hex chart, in case you need it:
base 16 = hexadecimal

0 = 0000
1 = 0001
2 = 0010
3 = 0011
4 = 0100
5 = 0101
6 = 0110
7 = 0111
8 = 1000
9 = 1001
A = 1010
B = 1011
C = 1100
D = 1101
E = 1110
F = 1111

Backup your files
copy onto removable media
backup programs
Norton Ghost

*Dropbox**
Mozy
GMail Drive
Google Docs

IBM's Watson plays Jeopardy

Read all about it at Wired Magazine.

See some video at Engadget.

How to obtain Microsoft Office (for PCs)

You can get it from microsoft, in one of three ways:

1) You can use the 60 day free trial, available here:

http://www2.buyoffice.microsoft.com/usa/?torb=4&WT.mc_id=ODC_ENUS_HomeSub_CareerTry

2) You can buy the full version available for cheap to university students, here:

http://www.microsoft.com/student/office/en-us/default.aspx

For this, you will need your QC email, since it requires an email which ends in .edu. $80 is a pretty

good price for the full version of office.

3) For free, you can use Office Web Apps:

http://office.microsoft.com/en-us/web-apps/

These run in your web browser. Unfortunately, Microsoft Access is not included as a Web App, but

it does include PowerPoint, Word, and Excel.

You can get the data files you need for the exercise either by downloading it from Prentice Hall website:

http://www.pearsonhighered.com/exploring/

or by bringing in a Flash drive to lab next time and copying the folder onto it.

lecture #5

Reed book, read chapter 1.

First quiz, in lab, next wednesday. covers material up to the end of today.

HW#1:
1) Convert these numbers to binary:
7
14
103

2) Convert these binary numbers to decimal:
11001
110
11
1101

3) Convert those numbers in part 2 to octal.
4) Convert those numbers in part 2 to hexadecimal.

end user software. e.g Microsoft Word

programming software. Integrated development environment for creating end-user software. compiler. things used by programmers to create software.

system software. your operating system. Windows XP. lets you launch programs, manage files. used by other programs.

How do you program a computer?
Computer speaks machine language. 01110101 1111
Do humans speak machine language?

assembly language
mov ax, 4
mov bx, 5
add ax, bx

mov = 1001
add = 1111
ax = 1000
bx = 0001

1001 1000 0100
1001 0001 0101
1111 1000 0001

this process of translating TO / FROM machine language very simple.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assembly_language
low-level programming languag

assembler

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Low-level_programming_language

first generation, second generation languages

High-level programming language
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High-level_programming_language

Some C++ code to calculate costs:
http://www.functionx.com/cpp/examples/ifelse1.htm
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;

void main()
{
    unsigned int Miles;
    const double LessThan100 = 0.25;
    const double MoreThan100 = 0.15;
    double PriceLessThan100, PriceMoreThan100, TotalPrice;

    cout << "Enter the number of miles: ";
    cin >> Miles;

    if(Miles <= 100)
    {
        PriceLessThan100 = Miles * LessThan100;
        PriceMoreThan100 = 0;
    }
    else
    {
        PriceLessThan100 = 100 * LessThan100;
        PriceMoreThan100 = (Miles - 100) * MoreThan100;
    }

    TotalPrice = PriceLessThan100 + PriceMoreThan100;

    cout << "\nTotal Price = $" << TotalPrice << "\n\n";
}

compiler or an interpreter
compiler does the translation up front.
takes in C++ sources code. outputs machine language.

interpreter.
does not translate front.
translates as executing, as carrying out the instructions.

C++ compiled.
Javascript interpreted.

First quiz only up to this point.
Quiz does not include book material.

lecture #4: a lot of math!

represent bigger numbers by combining bits

an introduction to binary
how to understand binary. this will entail converting binary to decimal.

how to convert decimal to binary. an easy way.

introducing octal numbers.
introducing hexadecimal numbers.

I give links and videos on the blog, so you can review how to do it.

decimal = base 10

google calculator

octal = base 8

3 bits = 8 possible values
0 = 000
1 = 001
2 = 010
3 = 011
4 = 100
5 = 101
6 = 110
7 = 111

to go from base 8 to base 10, use an intermediate base 2. use the lookup chart

to go from base 10 to base 8, use an intermediate base 2. use the lookup chart

4 bits = 16 possibilities = 2^4
0 = 0000
1 = 0001
2 = 0010
3 = 0011
4 = 0100
5 = 0101
6 = 0110
7 = 0111
8 = 1000
9 = 1001
10= 1010
11= 1011
12= 1100
13= 1101
14= 1110
15= 1111

base 16 = hexadecimal

0 = 0000
1 = 0001
2 = 0010
3 = 0011
4 = 0100
5 = 0101
6 = 0110
7 = 0111
8 = 1000
9 = 1001
A = 1010
B = 1011
C = 1100
D = 1101
E = 1110
F = 1111

Binary <--> Decimal Conversion

See here for how to convert a binary number to a decimal number.
See here for how to convert a decimal number to a binary number.

At each of these links, there is a detailed description of the process in text, as well as a video. However, they accidentally put the same video in each. To see how a video of how to convert binary --> decimal, see it on YouTube here.

Actually, I'll also post both videos in this blog post:

Decimal to Binary:


Binary to decimal:


For now, practice with the practice numbers they give at those two links. Eventually, I will assign other binary and decimal numbers to convert for a homework.

Here is an extended ASCII chart.

How to convert between binary and hexadecimal.
How to convert between octal and binary. There are better ways.

lecture #3

lecture 3

memory

bit = binary digit. 0 and 1
binary: base 2

in base n, the digits go from 0 to n-1

RAM - random access memory
using electricity
volatile
short term memory

hard disk drive, floppy disk, CD-ROM
ROM - means read only memory
these are long-term memory
not volatile

now we know how you might store a bit

how do we encode bigger numbers?

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetic_tape

random access memory
book
sequential access memory
scroll

that is why we copy program from long-term memory to short term before running

metaphor
sequential access
*VHS tapes
random access
*DVD

1 bit = 2 possible value
0, 1

2 bits = 4
00
01
10
11

how many possible outfits
5 pants
8 shirts

40
5 x 8
simple combinatorics

3 bits = 8 possible values
000
001
010
011
100
101
110
111

2 x 2 x 2
2^3

4 bits = 16 possibilities = 2^4
0 = 0000
1 = 0001
2 = 0010
3 = 0011
4 = 0100
5 = 0101
6 = 0110
7 = 0111
8 = 1000
9 = 1001
10= 1010
11= 1011
12= 1100
13= 1101
14= 1110
15= 1111

n bits, store 2^n possible values

8 bits = byte
4 bits = nibble
2 bytes = word
4 bytes = dword

1024 bytes = 1 kilobyte (kb) = 2^10 bytes

why 2^10 rather than 10^3?
because if we store a memory address in memory, why waste space? you can store 1024 different positions. we operate in base 2.

1024 x 1024 bytes = 2^20 bytes = 1 megabyte
2^30 bytes = gigabyte
2^40 bytes = terabyte

manufacturers redefined terms to mean powers of 10

trilobite; nothing to do with CS

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terabyte

speed in hertz
kilohertz, megaherz, gigahertz
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gigahertz

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Von_Neumann_architecture

swap file

lecture #2

qccs12.blogspot.com

blackboard

attendance

Incomplete policy is the same college-wide; you need to request

actual content

what is a computer?
something that computes

what does a "computer" need?
input
output
memory
control
mathematical ability

von Neumann architecture

from special purpose machine to
a universal computer
(general purpose computer)

hardware (physical machine)
software (instructions)

von Neumann architecture
conceptual model of computing

Finite State Automata
Turing Machines

Von Neumann architecture
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Von_Neumann_architecture

look at the diagram there

CPU (central processing unit)
ALU (arithmetic / logic unit)
control unit

Memory (in this case, RAM)

examples of output:
printer
speaker
screen

examples of input:
mouse
keyboard
mike

Adding machine.
program:
1) say "please enter a number"
2) get the number, store it in X
3) say "please enter another number"
4) get the number, store it in Y
5) add X and Y, store it in Z
6) say X "+" Y "=" Z
7) Go to step 1

initially, this program will be stored in long-term memory. hard drive.

double-click, copies it to short-term memory. RAM.

RAM stores instructions and data

control unit has IP (instruction pointer)
IP: 1

data is carried via the "bus"

fetch-execute cycle

with that last step 7, we loop

register; really really short term memory, inside the CPU itself

Did you attend at least once?

lecture #1

Lecture book:
A Balanced Introduction to Computer Science
David Reed
ISBN-10: 013046709X
ISBN-13: 978-0130467096
http://www.amazon.com/Balanced-Introduction-Computer-Science/dp/013046709X/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1296518217&sr=8-1

bookfinder.com

there will a blackboard site

W3Schools
www.w3schools.com
for HTML, CSS, Javascript?, PHP?, SQL

Lecture:
we'll learn a few of these technologies
computer concepts

how to cheat at solitaire
hidden feaures of programs -- easter eggs

How do you get Microsoft Word? Excel? Access?

Google:
microsoft ultimate steal
http://www.microsoft.com/student/office/en-us/default.aspx

How do I start Word?

file system is a hierarchy.

hard disk:
C:

floppy disk
A:
B:

root folder / directory
\

c:\

every folder can have files and subfolders
navigate
C:\Program Files
C:\Program Files\Microsoft Office
C:\Program Files\Microsoft Office\Office12
C:\Program Files\Microsoft Office\Office12\WINWORD.EXE

Start/Run
WINWORD


WINWORD
EXCEL
MSACCESS
POWERPNT

Some practice exams that are out there

though there will likely be material on the exams which do not appear on these practices:

Practice Word Exam.

Practice Excel Exam 1.
Practice Excel Exam 2.
Practice Excel Exam 3.
Practice Excel Exam 4.
Practice Excel Exam 5.

Practice Access Exam 1.
Practice Access Exam 2.

Some downloads to be able to take the practice exams:

Word practice exam file,
Excel practice exam file,
Access practice exam file.

Practice Exam Walkthroughs

Word exam:



Excel exam 1:


Excel exam 2:


Excel exam 3:


Excel exam 4:


Excel exam 5:



Access exam 1:


Access exam 2:

Initial syllabus

Cs12 -- understanding personal computers

qccs12.blogspot.com

lecture
lab exams -- 60%
word -- 10%
excel -- 25%
access -- 25%

lecture exams -- 20%
quizzes - 10%
final exam - 10%

homeworks -- 10%
web page -- 10%

lab Book -- grauer, exploring microsoft excel, access, word, 2007
prentice hall has a website. you can download the files
http://www.pearsonhighered.com/exploring/

you need the programs (microsoft office)
you need the instructions (book)
you need the data files (website, copy onto flashdrive)